Class 12 Commerce Syllabus: Students can now get the Class 12 Commerce syllabus as per the guidelines laid down by the examination board. The syllabus helps the students comprehend the course intentions and assist in effective learning and better examination preparation. In the syllabus, chapters and concepts are provided. This furnishes the students with a fair idea of the question paper pattern by providing the merit to plan the study time table accurately. Planning for assignments for the academic year is simplified with the syllabus.

CBSE syllabus for Class 12 commerce 2022 is available for all subjects including Economics, Accountancy, Business Studies, English and so on. CBSE follows the NCERT syllabus for Class 12 to prepare Class 12 commerce syllabus 2022-23. Read Further to know the complete CBSE Class 12 Commerce syllabus 2022 for all subjects and download them.

Class 11 Commerce Syllabus

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Class 12 Commerce Syllabus: Accountancy

Marks Weightage of Term 1

Theory: 40 Marks
Time: 90 Minutes

Part A

Unit: Accounting for Partnership Firms Units/Topics

• Partnership: features, Partnership Deed.
• Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership deed.
• Fixed v/s fluctuating capital accounts. Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation account- division of profit among partners, guarantee of profits.
• Past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary and profit sharing ratio).
• Goodwill: nature, factors affecting and methods of valuation – average profit, super profit and capitalization.

Accounting for Partnership firms – Reconstitution

• Change in the Profit Sharing Ratio among the existing partners – sacrificing ratio, gaining ratio, accounting for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities and treatment of reserves and accumulated profits. Preparation of revaluation account and balance sheet.
• Admission of a partner – effect of admission of a partner on change in the profit sharing ratio, treatment o goodwill (as per AS 26), treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, treatment of reserves and accumulated profits.

Note: (i) The realized value of each asset must be given at the time of dissolution. (ii) In case, the realization expenses are borne by a partner, clear indication should be given regarding the payment thereof.

Unit-3 Accounting for Companies

Accounting for Share Capital

• Share and share capital: nature and types.
• Accounting for share capital: issue and allotment of equity and preferences shares. Public subscription of shares – over subscription and under subscription of shares; issue at par and at premium, calls in advance and arrears (excluding interest), issue of shares for consideration other than cash.
• Concept of Private Placement and Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP).
• Accounting treatment of forfeiture and reissue of shares.
• Disclosure of share capital in the Balance Sheet of a company.

Part B: Financial Statement Analysis

Unit: Analysis of Financial Statements

Financial statements of a Company: Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet in prescribed form with major headings and sub headings (as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013)

• Financial Statement Analysis: Objectives, importance and limitations.
• Tools for Financial Statement Analysis: Comparative statements, common size statements, cash flow analysis, ratio analysis.
• Accounting Ratios: Meaning, Objectives, classification and computation.
• Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio and Quick ratio.
• Solvency Ratios: Debt to Equity Ratio, Total Asset to Debt Ratio, Proprietary Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio.
• Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover Ratio, Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio, Trade Payables Turnover Ratio and Working Capital Turnover Ratio.
• Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit Ratio, Operating Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio and Return on Investment.

OR

Part B: Computerised Accounting

Unit: Computerised Accounting

Overview of Computerised Accounting System

• Introduction: Application in Accounting.
• Features of Computerised Accounting System.
• Structure of CAS.
• Software Packages: Generic; Specific; Tailored.

Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet

• Concept of electronic spreadsheet.
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet.
• Application in generating accounting information – bank reconciliation statement; asset accounting; loan repayment of loan schedule, ratio analysis
• Data representation- graphs, charts and diagrams.

Marks Weightage of Term 2

Accountancy (Code No. 055) Class-XII (2021-22)

Theory: 40 Marks

Part – A

Unit : Accounting for Not – For Profit Organisations

• Not-for-profit organizations: concept.
• Receipts and Payments Account: features and preparation.
• Income and Expenditure Account: features, preparation of income and expenditure account and balance sheet from the given receipts and payments account with additional information.

Unit : Accounting for Partnership Firms

Accounting for Partnership firms – Reconstitution and Dissolution

• Retirement and death of a partner: effect of retirement / death of a partner on change in profit sharing ratio, treatment of goodwill, treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, adjustment of accumulated profits and reserves and preparation of balance sheet.
• Calculation of deceased partner’s share of profit till the date of death.

Dissolution of a partnership firm: meaning of dissolution of partnership and partnership firm, types of dissolution of a firm. Settlementof accounts – preparation of realization account, and other related accounts: capitalaccounts of partners and cash/bank a/c (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company and insolvency of partner(s)).

Unit – Accounting for Companies

Accounting for Debentures

• Debentures: Issue of debentures at par, at a premium and at a discount. Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash; Issue of debentures with terms of redemption; debentures as collateral securityconcept, interest on debentures. Writing off discount / loss on issue of debentures.

Part – B:

Unit : Analysis of Financial Statements

Financial statements of a Company

• Tools for Financial Statement Analysis: Comparative statements, common size statements.

Unit : Cash Flow Statement

• Meaning, objectives and preparation (as perAS 3 (Revised) (Indirect Method only)

OR

Part B: Computerised Accounting

Unit : Computerised Accounting

Using Computerized Accounting System

• Steps in installation of CAS, codification and Hierarchy of account heads, creation of accounts.
• Data: Entry, validation and verification.
• Adjusting entries, preparation of balance sheet, profit and loss account with closing entries and opening entries.
• Need and security features of the system.

Database Management System (DBMS)

• Concept and Features of DBMS.
• DBMS in Business Application.
• Generating Accounting Information – Payroll.

Class 12 Commerce Syllabus: Business Studies

Marks Weightage of Term 1

Theory: 40 Marks
Time: 90 Minutes

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management

Concept:

• Management – concept, objectives, and importance
• Management as Science, Art and Profession
• Levels of Management
• Management functions-planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling
• Coordination- concept and importance

Unit 2: Principles of Management

Concept:

• Principles of Management- concept and significance
• Fayol’s principles of management
• Taylor’s Scientific management- principles and techniques

Unit 3: Business Environment

Concept:

• Business Environment- concept and importance
• Dimensions of Business Environment,Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal

Unit 4: Planning

Concept:

• Planning: Concept, importance and limitation
• Planning process

Unit 5: Organising

Concept:

• Organising: Concept and importance
• Organising Process
• Structure of organisation- functional and divisional concept.
• Delegation: concept, elements and importance
• Decentralisation: concept and importance

Unit 11: Marketing

Concept:

• Marketing – Concept, functions and philosophies
• Marketing Mix – Concept and elements
• Product – branding, labelling and packaging – Concept
• Price – Concept, Factors determining price
• Physical Distribution – concept
• Promotion – Concept and elements; Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public Relations

Marks Weightage of Term 2

Theory: 40 Marks
Time: 90 Minutes

Unit 6: Staffing

Concept:

• Concept and importance of staffing
• Staffing process
• Recruitment process
• Selection – process
• Training and Development – Concept and importance, Methods of training – on the job and off the job – vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training

Unit 7: Directing

Concept:

• Concept and importance
• Elements of Directing
• Motivation – concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Financial and non-financial incentives
• Leadership – concept, styles – authoritative, democratic and laissez faire
• Communication – concept, formal and informal communication

Unit 8: Controlling

Concept:

• Controlling – Concept and importance
• Steps in process of control

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Unit 9: Financial Management

Concept:

• Concept, role and objectives of Financial Management
• Financial decisions: investment, financing and dividend- Meaning and factors affecting
• Financial Planning – concept and importance
• Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting capital structure
• Fixed and Working Capital – Concept and factors affecting their requirements

Unit 10: Financial Markets

Concept:

• Financial Markets: Concept, Functions and types
• Money market and its instruments
• Capital market and its types (primary and secondary), methods of floatation in the primary market
• Stock Exchange – Functions and trading procedure
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – objectives and functions

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

Concept:

• Concept and importance of consumer protection
• Consumer Protection Act 2019:
  Meaning of consumer
  Rights and responsibilities of consumers
  Who can file a complaint?
  Redressal machinery
  Remedies available

Unit 13: Project Work

Class 12 Commerce Syllabus: Economics

Marks Weightage of Term 1

Theory: 40 Marks
Time: 90 Minutes

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 2: Money and Banking

Money – meaning and supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.
Money creation by the commercial banking system.
Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank.

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy

Government budget – meaning, objectives and components.
Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
Measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments

Balance of payments account – meaning and components; balance of payments deficit meaning.
Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence.
Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

Economic Reforms since 1991:
Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy

Poverty- absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment.
Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development.
Rural development: Key issues – credit and marketing – role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification.

Marks Weightage of Term 2

Theory: 40 Marks
Time: 90 Minutes

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates

What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.
Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income –
Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.
Aggregates related to National Income:
Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP.
GDP and Welfare

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment

Aggregate demand and its components.
Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.
Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.
Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – changes in government spending, taxes and money supply through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy

Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies
Infrastructure: Meaning and Types: Case Studies: Health: Problems and Policies – A critical assessment.
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience of India

A comparison with neighbours
India and Pakistan
India and China
Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human
Development Indicators

Part C: Project in Economics

Prescribed Books:
1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT
2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT
3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT
4. Macroeconomics, NCERT
5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE.

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